Diabetes: types, causes and symptoms

Healthylife Pharmacy3 October 2024|4 min read

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a health condition where there is too much sugar (glucose) in the blood. This is usually the result of either the body not making enough insulin or because cells are not responding to insulin. There are around 1.5 million Australians living with diabetes.

Individuals with diabetes usually have to routinely check their blood sugar to avoid hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Long term high blood sugar may result in health complications and damage to body organs.


Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition, whereas type 2 diabetes is usually the result of genetics mixed with long term lifestyle. Gestational diabetes occurs in about 5-10% of women during pregnancy.


Causes of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease where, in certain genetically susceptible individuals, the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, specifically the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin is required to store glucose from the bloodstream into the tissues of the body so it can be used as a source of energy to function. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells.

Causes of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is a metabolic disease where the body is not able to use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less insulin.

Unlike the lifelong nature and constant insulin delivery required by type 1 diabetes, type 2 can often be managed with diet and lifestyle changes. If not managed with diet and exercise successfully, a healthcare professional may recommend medications. 

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age but is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include increased thirst and hunger, frequent urination and unexplained weight loss.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adults as a result of long term lifestyle and is more likely to occur in individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Symptoms include excessive thirst and urination, feeling tired and always hungry, slow healing time on skin and cuts. Some individuals with type 2 diabetes may not experience obvious symptoms. 

Reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes

A few key lifestyle habits can help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. 

  • Maintain a healthy weight: Having excess weight, especially around the middle, may be a risk factor for insulin resistance. 
  • Eat a healthy, balanced diet: This helps to keep a healthy weight and support blood sugar levels. 
  • Enjoy regular physical activity: Think strength training, walking or challenging your cardiovascular system.


Managing diabetes

Individuals who are living with diabetes need regular check-ups and support from their healthcare professionals. This may include:

  • A general practitioner and endocrinologist for individual advice on medications and routine blood tests
  • A dietitian for assistance with food, particularly carbohydrate amount and timing
  • A diabetes educator for education, support, medication management and lifestyle changes
  • An exercise physiologist or physiotherapist for assistance with movement and exercise
  • A podiatrist, psychologist and other healthcare professionals.

Diabetes Australia provides more information and supports those living with diabetes.


Health checks for diabetes

Assessing your risk of type 2 diabetes is recommended every 3 years for:

  • Individuals over 40 years old
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people over 18 years old

Diabetes risk can be assessed with your healthcare professional or by yourself using the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool.



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This article is for informational purposes only and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Any information published on this website or by this brand is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. If you have any concerns or questions about your health you should consult with a health professional.